History of the civil engineering profession

Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela

Ministerio del Poder Popular para La Educación

Universidad Central de Venezuela

Faculty of Engineering

Civil School

Teacher: Carolina Lizardi

English

HOMEWORK

Caracas, 21th June 2011

HOMEWORK

1. Analyze, 10 sentences, identify the subject, underline the verb(s) circle the coordinator or subordinator and in (parenthesis the dependent clauses). Analizar, 10 oraciones, identificar al sujeto, el verbo subrayado (s) la vuelta al coordinador o subordinador y en (paréntesis de las cláusulas dependientes).

2. Identify the connectives present in the text and classify them according to their function.

Text

History of the civil engineering profession

Because civil engineering is a wide ranging profession has been an aspect important of life since the beginnings of human existence. The earliest practices of Civil engineering may have commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq) when humans started to abandon a nomadic existence, thus causing a need for the construction of shelter. During this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing

Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the same person, often used interchangeably. So that the construction of Pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700-2500 BC) might be considered the first instances of large structure constructions. Other ancient historic civil engineering constructions include the Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447-438 BC), the Appian Way by Roman engineers (c. 312 BC), the Great Wall of China by General Meng T'ien under orders from Ch'in Emperor Shih Huang Ti (c. 220 BC)[6] and the stupas constructed in ancient Sri Lanka like the Jetavanaramaya and the extensive irrigation works in Anuradhapura. The Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbours, bridges, dams and roads.

The Archimedes screw was operated by hand and could raise water efficiently.In the 18th century, the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military engineering. The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse. In 1771 Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over dinner. Though there was evidence of some technical meetings, it was little more than a social society.

In 1818 the

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