Quantifiers

Introduction

Quantifiers are words that precede and modify nouns. A quantifier is a word or phrase which is used before a noun to indicate the amount or quantity: 'Some', 'many', 'a lot of' and 'a few' are examples of quantifiers. Quantifiers can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

Quantifiers are used at the beginning of noun phrases:

• before a noun on its own: fewer answers

• before an adjective and noun: some useful phrases

• before an adverb, adjective and noun: every really pleasant experience

Normally two quantifiers cannot be used together before the same noun. However, the quantifiers all and both are found immediately before the or a possessive pronoun: all my relatives, both the ministers. You will also see the following combinations of quantifiers:

• a little less noise

• a few more quistiones

• every few minutes

Many, much, a lot of

These are all used to talk about a large quantity of something; many is used only with C nouns, much with U nouns and a lot of can be used with both.

Only many and much can be preceded by the words how, to form questions (how many / how much ...?). The word too can be used to express a negative idea (too hot, too cold) and so, to show the speaker's attitude to the quantity (so many that ... /so much he couldn't ...). Many and much tend to be rather formal in use and are therefore often found in legal documents, academic papers and so on; in speech we often use phrases like a lot of, loads of, tons of, hundreds of.

Few, little

Again, the meaning of these two words is similar since they both refer to small quantities, except that few is found with C nouns and little with U nouns.

If they are used without the indefinite article, a, they have the sense of not enough and are negative in feeling (few events, little interest) but these are quite formal and we would normally prefer not many events and not much interest.

When few and little are used with a they simply mean a small quantity with no extra negative overtones: a few events (i.e. three or four) and a little interest (i.e. some interest, but not a lot).

Any

Any can be used before countable and uncountable nouns usually in questions and negative sentences:

• Are you bringing any friends with you?

• Do you have any coffee?

• I can't remember any songs.

• He isn't taking any chances.

If we stress the word any heavily when speaking, we are suggesting an unlimited choice from a range of things or an unrestricted quantity; in this case its use is not confined to just questions and negatives:

• Help yourself to any sandwiches. (the choice is yours)

• Don't you like any Beatles song? (I can't believe you dislike them all)

• I can't see any difference. (nothing at all)

Some

Some is usually thought of as the positive counterpart to any in many circumstances.

• I'm bringing some friends with me.

• I have some coffee.

Like any it is used before both C and U nouns, and means an indefinite quantity but not a large amount. The general rule given above for the use of any in negative sentences and questions does not always hold in requests and offers where we often use some to mean a small amount of a known quantity:

• Would you like some cake? (here is the cake, do you want a piece of it?)

• Could I have some biscuits instead? (any would not be possible in this case)

If we stress the word some in positive and negative sentences and in questions, we are suggesting a limited quantity or number of something:

I like some Beatles songs. (but certainly not all)

• I can see some difference. (but not a lot)

List of Quantifiers

The quantifiers are word that precede and modify nouns. They tell us how many or how much.

There are, some of the most important quantifiers.

Expressions of Quantity Explanation Examples

Count Nouns

One No one called you last night

Each Each one cost ten cents

Every You have to do exercises every day

Two The two go together.

Both We have to do both things

A couple of These were a couple of issues

Three The magazine pursued three objectives.

A few I have a few question about the homework

Few I have few magazines

Several These problems have several causes

Many She has so many friends

A number of I have a number of things to do

Too many There are too many jobs in Alaska

None I can see none here

Count and Noncount Nouns

Not any/no There is not any evidence

Some Some people enjoy traveling

A lot of I spent a lot of money

Lots of There are lots of opportunities here.

Plenty of There are plenty of problems

Most Mary is the most lovely persona I have known

All Which of all be long

10%, 20%, 100% …of

Enough Words are not enough

Noncount Nouns

A little I am a little concerned about it.

Little He drank little water

Much We spent so much money

Too much Bill, has too much money

A great deal of I need a great deal of money to travel

A quantity of A quantity of energy required per day

The most common quantifiers used in English are:

some / any , much, many, a lot, a few, several, enough.

There are three types of quantifier;

1. neutral quantifiers,

2. quantifiers of large quantity, and

3. quantifiers of small quantity

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1. Neutral quantifiers:

Some and any: several, a number of, enough

Some and any are both quantifiers and articles. In many contexts, some is the plural indefinite article, the plural of "a" or "an"; but more often, some implies a limited quantity, and for this reason has the value of a quantifier.

Some is used in affirmative statements; it is replaced with any in negative and interrogative contexts.

Examples:

I've got some apples in my basket and some water in my bottle.

I haven't got any apples in my basket, nor any water in my bottle.

Have you got any apples in your basket? Have you got any water in your bottle?

We had some visitors last weekend, but we didn't have any this weekend

Have you

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