Military Hand Book Antena

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DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

Headquarters United States Marine Corps

Washington, D.C. 20380-1775

1 June 1999

FOREWORD

Communications and information systems (CIS) support collect- ing, processing, and exchanging information. CIS automate routine functions, freeing commanders and staffs to focus on the aspects of command and control that require experience, judg- ment, and intuition. Personnel who install, operate, and maintain CIS play a key role in the command and control of the Marine air- ground task force (MAGTF). It is an understatement to say that the success of the MAGTF in the modern battlespace depends on the effective employment of CIS.

One of the most important networks of the MAGTF CIS architec- ture is single-channel radio (SCR). SCR is the principal means of communications support for maneuver units. SCR communica- tions equipment is easy to operate, and networks are easily established, rapidly reconfigured, and, most importantly, easily maintained on the move. SCR provides secure voice communica- tion and supports limited data information exchange. MAGTF SCR equipment is fielded in many configurations and includes hand-held, manpack, vehicle-mounted, bench-mounted, and shel- tered radios. These radios operate in simplex and half-duplex modes. The most widely employed tactical radios provide inte- grated communications security (COMSEC) and jam resistance through frequency hopping.

Tactical SCRs operate in the three military radio frequency bands

(high frequency [HF], very high frequency [VHF], and ultrahigh frequency [UHF]). In the HF band, SCR can support long-range communications, albeit at the expense of mobility. SCR in the VHF and UHF bands is normally limited to line of sight. SCR satellite communications (SATCOM) provide mobility, flexibili- ty, and ease of operation with unlimited range. Limitations of SCR include susceptibility to enemy electronic warfare; cosite, footprint, terrain, and atmospheric interference; the requirement for close coordination and detailed planning; a need for common timing, frequency, and equipment; and limited spectrum avail- ability. The latter is particularly critical for SATCOM.

Of all the variables affecting single-channel radio communica- tions, the one factor that an operator has the most control over is the antenna. With the right antenna, an operator can change a marginal net into a reliable net. Marine Corps Reference Publica- tion (MCRP) 6-22D, Antenna Handbook, gives operators the knowledge to properly select and employ antennas to provide the strongest possible signal at the receiving station of the circuit.

MCRP 6-22D builds on the doctrinal foundation established in Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 6-22, Communi- cations and Information Systems. This handbook is intended not only for CIS officers and radio operators, but for all personnel de- siring information about antenna fundamentals.

MCRP 6-22D supersedes Fleet Marine Force Reference Publica- tion (FMFRP) 3-34, Field Antenna Handbook, dated 5 March

1991.

Reviewed and approved this date.

BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDANT OF THE MARINE CORPS

J. E. RHODES

Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps

Commanding General

Marine Corps Combat Development Command

DISTRIBUTION: 144 000062 00

Antenna Handbook

Table of Contents

Page

Chapter 1. Radio Principles

Electromagnetic Radiation 1-1

Radio Waves 1-2

Frequency 1-2

Frequency Calculation 1-3

Frequency Bands 1-3

Radio Communication Circuit 1-5

Propagation Fundamentals 1-8

Earth’s Atmosphere 1-8

Radio Wave Propagation 1-8

Other Factors Affecting Propagation 1-18

Path Loss 1-19

Reflected Waves 1-19

Diffraction 1-21

Tropospheric Refraction, Ducting and Scattering 1-22

Noise 1-23

Natural Noise 1-24

Manmade Noise 1-24

v

MCRP 6-22D

Chapter 2. Antenna Fundamentals

Section I. Concepts and Terms 2-2

Forming a Radio Wave 2-2

Radiation 2-2

Radiation Fields 2-3

Radiation Patterns 2-4

Polarization 2-6

Polarization Requirements for Various Frequencies 2-8

Advantages of Vertical Polarization 2-9

Advantages of Horizontal Polarization 2-10

Directionality 2-10

Resonance 2-11

Reception 2-12

Reciprocity 2-13

Impedance 2-14

Bandwidth 2-15

...