Usa History

SOCIAL MATTERS:

• Social inequality remained a pervasive (spreading through) condition throughout the region.

• East Africa and South of Sahara were muslim (over half of the population) ( about 1/2 turned muslim, about ½ Christian, less than 1/3 were etnic)

• Christian missionaries offered social service medical care and schooling, as well as instructions to Christian faith(exchange of religious conversion)

• Religious conversion provoked dissension, or disagreement, in communities (tribes in Southern States)

• Social void (emptiness) filled with ideologies.

• African found a solution to social and cultural disruption (different ways of doing beliefs)

• African mass nationalist movements spread across the continent.

• They were divided my religion, tribes, language, tribal loyalty etc..

• Kikuyu tribe(Kenya) created struggle (land freedom army) against settlers on their land.

• 1st anticolonial campaign took place in Ghana ( The Gold Coast, which is in the Atlantic coast of west africa)

Which remain colonial? Ghana and Kenya.

ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT

• First problems: Growth Fluctuation 2.5% to 3% in the last decades of the century

• They were forced to crop for exports.

• Many governments monopolized farms exports to increase state revenues by lowering purchase of crops and pocketing the profits from foreign sales

• Cocoa production decline exports fell by half in turn cutting back fonds (because of explotation of the land, erosion, deplation etc)

• Civil wars, people abandoned villages, because of the lack of food, better opportunities, medical care etc.

• Degradation of lands

• Malnutrition

• Overall food production had fallen 20% below level in 1970. The continent was harvesting less food per inhabitant than in previous decade.

• Food exports become on a big turnover for the feeding of local masses

• In Tanzania a new ruler Nyerere proposed collective agriculture. Villages become a part of a state-run and villagers had to join work brigades on the farm whether they supported the reform or not.

POLITICAL ISSUES

• Over a period of 20 years between the late 1950’s and the 1970 granted freedom to their African colonial people.

• The political model that they al sought to incorporate was nation-state.

• South Africa was exceptional, both because the liberation was delayed by a system of colonial domination (apartheid) that remained in place until its abandonment in the earlys 1990’s

• The struggle for the overthrow of imperial rule was a common bond uniting African nationalist leaders and their people.

• South Africa was ruled by a system of colonial mination movements in orfer to throw away the imperial rule emerged in Ghana and Kenya

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