Actividad 2

EVIDENCE 1

Detailed description of the movement (Definition and dates)

Causes

Consequences

Prominent characters

Historic sites

Legacy (scientific, socio-cultural, economic and/or political aspects)

Enlightenment

 1775 American Revolution begins

-1776 Paine publishes Common Sense Jefferson writes Declaration of Independence

-1789 French Revolution begins

Spain had a great deal of censorship in place during the early Enlightenment, but when Charles III ascended the throne in 1759, he implemented a number of reforms. During his tenure, Charles III weakened the influence of the Church, enabled land ownership for the poor, and vastly improved transportation routes.

French Revolution

 The French Revolution, July 14, 1789.

As the 18th century drew to a close, France’s costly involvement in the American Revolution and extravagant spending by King Louis XVI (1754-1793) and his predecessor had left the country on the brink of bankruptcy. Not only were the royal coffers depleted, but two decades of poor cereal harvests, drought, cattle disease and skyrocketing bread prices had kindled unrest among peasants and the urban poor. Many expressed their desperation and resentment toward a regime that imposed heavy taxes yet failed to provide relief by rioting, looting and striking.

 Life was very difficult for the peasants and workers in France; the lack of hygiene in the towns, the scarcity of food and the nonexistence of workers' rights produced a dismal scene. The difference between the classes was extreme: while the peasants fought to survive, the nobles and high clergy enjoyed numerous privileges. They did not have any taxes and lived surrounded by luxury, comfort, and excesses

 The violent nature of the revolution brought about dramatic social change. The lower classes, blinded by their frustration with constant poverty and hunger, hunted down and in many cases killed the nobles and clergy. 

- France fell into extreme violence.

- Execution of King Luis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette by guillotine.

-Unleashed a fear of “the light of the Enlightenment” in other European courts.

- The era of enlightened despotism had come to a sudden end

 King Louis XVI

Napoleon Bonaparte

Charles de Calonne

Calonne

 Frustrated by social injustice and inspired by new political aspirations of the period, an angry mob of workers and peasants unleashed a violent movement on July 14, 1789 when they stormed the Bastille, a prison in Paris.

Le Château de Versailles was the royal residence of the kings of France from Louis XIV when he moved the court from Paris to the palace in 1682 to Louis XVI when he and the royal family were forced to return to Paris at the beginning of the French Revolution in October 1789.

 The French Revolution also brought to light the importance of the ideal of universal suffrage, that is, the right to vote. Human beings have the right as citizens to elect their rulers.

The importance of the French Revolution lies in the re-evaluation of the relationship between the state and the general populace. .

In society, the noblest accomplishment of the French Revolution was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, a document that marks a before and after in the personal story of man and his dignity.

US Independence

 July 4th, 1776.

Thirteen colonies wanted their independence, the enlightment ideas started to generate the American identity that later would represent and manifest an independence movement. The first experience of this type in the New World was on the Atlantic North American coast, where Great Britain had thirteen colonies. 

 They wanted to be liberate from the Britain Crown.

It starts to develop an incipient feeling of nationalism.

The general taxes for tea, paper, and others.  

 Increase the trade with England and the British place their clothing in America, and America provides Commodities.

There were generated a slight feeling of Patriotism and the bathroom is independent colonies genres.

Unfinished fights to establish the first or Independent Governors.

 Felipe V

Carlos IV

George Washington

Thomas Jefferson

Benjamin Franklin

John Adams

 North: Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire y Rhode Island

Center:

New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania.

South:

Virginia, Georgia, North of Caroline & South of Caroline.

 SCIENTIFIC:

Benjamin Franklin as an American inventor who was born on Boston.

ECONOMIC:

Based mostly on trade and Industry in North Colonies.

At South there was agriculture with rice, sugar and cotton.

POLITICS:

The declaration of the independence

The sign of the congress.

Mexican Independence

 In the year 1500, Spain conquered Mexico and named it New Spain. Life was hard under Spanish rule and many of the native Mexicans (Mayas and Aztecs) were forced into slavery. More than 300 years later, on September 16, 1810, a priest named Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla started a revolt against the Spanish. The Spanish were finally defeated in 1821 and now Mexican Independence is celebrated every year to remember the beginning of the struggle for freedom.

 The causes were mainly economic and social inequality of their citizens; the shameful ranking caste despised and exploited, this refers to the Indians.

As despotism and contempt with which Europeans saw the natives, because they wanted independence, they wanted to have a greater economic freedom and political power to freely develop their

 -Internally generated funds were diverted to those who had control of the independent company (wealthy Creoles and mestizos)

-A long chain struggles to impose between monarchists and republicans, liberals and conservatives, political and economic model.

-A weakening of the installed on mining, unions, agricultural and farming production and trade capacity.

- Re-appropriation of the most important resource: land.

-Repositioning of the clergy in the emerging Mexican State.

 Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. (1753- 1811)

Doña Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez. (1768- 1829)

Ignacio Allende and Unzanga. (1769-1811)

Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon. (1765- 1815)

 In early 1821, Agustín de Iturbide, the leader of the Royalist forces

Dolores Hidalgo. Miguel Hidalgo

San Miguel Allende.

 Every year, on the night of September 15-16, the President of the Republic "reenacts" the Grito on a balcony of the National Palace as the climax of the Independence Day celebrations. To do this with historical accuracy is well-nigh impossible, for no one knows precisely what Hidalgo said.

This movement brought to our country a democratic republic, abolition of absolutism and liberty to our people.

It brought new traditions, celebrating the independence’s day very September 15.

Colombia

  At the eighteenth century Colombia was ruled by a monarchy and on July 20, 1810 people started their Independence from Spain and the reign of Jose Bonaparte. It culminated in 1819 with the Battle of Boyacá.

  Enlightenment ideas

Corruption and unhealthy environment

Rivalry between Spaniards and creoles

Discomfort against the Spanish rules.

 -Foreign invasions

-It left Colombia weak

-Colombia was left with economical instability.

  Simon Bolivar was a South American soldier who was instrumental in the continent's revolutions against the Spanish empire.

 An important site is Santa Fe de Bogota were the independence first started and New Granada.

 -Colombia became independent

-Public education

-A republic was established in Colombia

-Tax reduction

-Slavery was abolished

-Monopolies were abolished