Inteligencias artificiales

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Introduction

The Artificial Intelligence began as the result of research in cognitive psychology and mathematical logic. Has focused on the explanation of mental work and construction of algorithms for solving problems of general purpose. Point of view that favors the abstraction and generality. 

The Artificial Intelligence is a combination of computer science, physiology and philosophy, as broad and general as that, is that it brings together several fields (robotics, expert systems, for example), all of which have in common the creation of machines that can "think". 

The idea of building a machine that can run tasks perceived as requirements of human intelligence is an attractive. The tasks that have been studied from this point of view include games, language translation, language understanding, diagnosis of failures, robotics, provision of expert advice on various matters. 

This is how the database management systems become more sophisticated, the data structure and the development of algorithms of insertion, deletion and location of data, as well as the attempt to create machines capable of performing tasks that are thought of as typical in the field of human intelligence, coined the term Artificial Intelligence in 1956. 

The fundamental theoretical work were the development of mathematical algorithms by Warren McCullock and Walter Pitts, in 1943, necessary to enable the work of classification, or operation in a general sense, of a neural network. In 1949 Donald Hebb developed a learning algorithm for these neural networks by creating, in conjunction with the work of McCullock and Pitts, the school creationist. This school is considered today as the origin of the Artificial Intelligence, however it was little for many years, giving way to the symbolic reasoning based on production rules, what is known as expert systems. 

Contents

Introduction        2

Objectives        3

History        4

Philosophical Foundations of Artificial Memory        7

Definition        9

Techniques and fields of Artificial Intelligence        10

Characteristics of the Artificial Intelligence.        11

Research Areas        13

Brain VS. Microprocessor        14

Transmission Speed        15

The areas of research of the.        16

Areas of application of the        17

Importance        18

Schools of thought        20

Conventional Artificial Intelligence        21

Artificial Intelligence Computational        22

Future OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE        23

Conclusions        24

Glossary        25

Bibliography        26

Annexs        27

Objectives

General Objective

• Define and know about the artificial intelligences.

 Specific Objectives

• Learn about the history of the artificial intelligence
• Demonstrate in class the Turing test
• Determine applications of artificial intelligence

History

Efforts to play some human mental abilities in machines and androids can be traced far back in history. The myth of the Colossus of Rhodes, among the Greeks, the statues "speakers" of the Middle Ages, the android of von Kempelen who played chess with Napoleon, and the "analytical engine" of Charles Babbage that calculated logarithms, are just some of the examples of this ancient interest. In addition, the conception of human intelligence as a mechanism is not recent or has been decoupled from the psychology: Descartes, Hobbes, Leibniz, and the same Hume referred to the human mind as a form of mechanism. 

"During the nineteenth and the first half of the 20th century, biological analogies and phenomenological moved to the notion of mechanism in the study of the human mind. However, since the second half of our century, the idea of heuristic power renewed its mechanism with the formalization of the notion of "computer science". 

How some machines, especially the calculators, were designed to avoid having to think and to do the thinking faster and accurate, it was inevitable that from its origins the calculators, and later computers, they relate to the intelligence and thought, emphasizing their similarities. 

The AI was introduced to the scientific community in 1950 by Alan Turing in his article "Computing Machinery and Intelligence." In spite of the fact that the research on the design and the capabilities of computers began some time before, he was until he found the article Turing that the idea of an intelligent machine captivated the attention of the scientists. 

The basic question that Turing tried to answer in the affirmative in his article was: Can machines think? The Turing arguments in favor of the possibility of intelligence in machines, began an intense debate that clearly the first stage of interaction between the AI and psychology. The discussions at that time focused on the analysis of the series of problems involved in the implementation of terms mentalists to computers. Turing's intention was not to use these terms as analogies but to eliminate the distinction between natural intelligence and artificial intelligence. 

Two of the most important contributions of Turing to the IA were the design of the first computer capable of playing chess and, more importantly, the establishment of the symbolic nature of the computation. 

The work of Turing, who died prematurely, was continued in the United States by John Von Neumann during the decade of the 1950s. Their contribution was the idea that computers should be designed taking as a model to the human brain. Von Neumann was the first in "anthropomorphize" language and the conception of computing to the talk of the "memory", the "sensors", …., of the computers. Built a series of machines using what at the beginning of the 1950s was known about the human brain, and design the first programs stored in the memory of a computer. 

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