ANCIENT HISTORY

Prehistory

Paleolithic : 4 million years ago. 
Paleo : old 
Lithos: stone / rock
*humanoids -- Australopithecus. (1.20, arched backs, no thumbs)

lived in caves.

nomads.

tools of rough stone.

Preserved fire, unknowledge of how to start one.

organized communities.

Art.





Neolithic : 10,000 B.C. (ended around 3,500 B.C)
Neo: new
Lithos: stone / rock
*Neolithic Revolution

Polished stone tools

Agriculture (sedentary)

Use and control of fire

Make their food by themselves

Use of wheel.


Bronze Age : 3,500 years B.C.

organized civilizations

settled communities

writing began



- Sumer civilization

first in the world to write

build city-states

astronomers

engineers -- canal for water to flow through the fields

women have rights

slaves buy freedom

use bricks to build temples -- ziggurats (6 or 7 floors)


 “History began in Sumer”



Babylonians :

beautiful city

King Hammurabi wrote the first set of laws (300 laws). -- Hammurabi’s code

“An eye for an eye”

-Hammurabi


Hebrews :

wandering tribe in Mesopotamia

Abraham was the first leader

First to believe in one god.


Yahweh :

Called Abraham to be the leader of his tribe

They got around Israel

They were forced to travel to Egypt, where the Egyptians enslaved them


Moses :

Free the people of Egypt

10 commandments 


Kingdom of Israel :

Land where the people of Israel were settled

Capital -> Jerusalem 


Phoenicians :

Settled in what is now Lebanon

Built vessels (boats) to travel across the Mediterranean Sea

Experts in trade

Were the first to assign a single sound to a symbol

Dyed the tunics purple : Elegant people


Egypt

Nile River :

Is the longest river in the world

The only river that flows from South to North.

Egypt :

Located in the northeastern part of Africa

the pharaohs were their kings

Pyramids were the pharaohs’s tomb

They were Polytheists

Hatshepsut :

Famous queen of Egypt

ruled for 20 years

symbols of power : shepherd stick and a whip 


Amon Ra : Sun god


Isis - Osiris - Seth
Seth represented chaos and vicious
Osiris was the underworld god 

Isis an Osiris fell in love; seth got jealous so he made a party . There was a box , in which he trapped Osiris and stabbed him. Isis cried and with her teardrops formed the Nile River. She went all around the world searching her husband’s pieces, when she collected them, she put Osiris together for a few minutes. They had a son called Horus:( Eye of Falcon). Horus defeated Seth.

Akhenaton : first to believe in one god. Married Nefertiti

Tutankamon : followed his mother, Nefertiti, into power. He died very young.

Hieroglyphics : Writing system of the Egyptians. Ideograms.

Rosetta Stone : Written in Modern / Ancient Egyptian and Greek

Napoleon went to Egypt he fell in love with it, he took some of the things back (The Obelisk from La Place de la Concorde). Later Egypt was conquered by: Alexander The Great and Ptolomy. When Alexander died , the generals divided his territory. Ptolomy got Egypt.


Greece

Our western culture is a mix of : Hebrews, Christians, Greeks, and Romans.

They invented math, music, and theatre.

They thought that the body was a perfect machine.

Marathon -> invented in memory of Philippides.

Located in the Balkan peninsula . (South) 2,000 B.C.

Everything is related to Greek Mythology.(Literature, Arts, Music, Philosophy, Architecture).

Greece is Western Europe .

The first greeks lived in the island of Crete Cratos -- power

Literature -- Iliad (How Troy was conquered by the greeks) and Odyssey (Ulysses' story) = by Homer. Weren’t written.

Ilium : Greek name for Troy.

Settled in polis : city-states. (independent, self-governing)

Slavery

Women had not rights

Most important polis:
Athens -> focused on philosophy, art, poetry, theatre, and navy.
Sparta -> focused on war.

Governments : 
Monarchy -- Tyranny
Aristocracy -- Oligarchy
Democracy -- Demagogy

Eclesia : Assembly

Acropolis : hill in which the polis were settled.

Greece’s enemy was Persia.
There were 2 wars:
- 490: Cirus the Great. Athens won.
- 480: Xerxes (Cirus’s son). Athens was destroyed, but Persia was defeated.

Peloponnesian war: 27 years. Between Athens and Sparta.

Philip of Macedon: United Greece. Father of Alexander

Hellenism: Spread of Greek culture around the world.

Rome

Advanced civilization

Superstitious

Legal system is the base of today’s system

very well organized

Cruel

Descendants of Romulus and Remo

Spoke latin


Romulus and Remo
They were alone in a forest, a female wolf gave them milk. A shepherd found them. Romulus kills Remo. Romulus became the 1st king of Rome.

Monarchy -- 7 kings (753-509 B.C.)
Republic -- Senate (300 members). 2 consuls. (508-27 B.C.)
Empire -- Period where Jesus is born. (27 B.C.- 476 A.D.)

The second king/queen was a woman named Roma. Arrived at Italy and stayed there.

The 3rd king was Eneas : Trojan prince who found Rome. Son of Aphrodite.

Kings of Rome

Monarchy: 
1st : Romulus
7th : Lucius Tarquinius “ The Proud ” . When he was overthrown and the Republic began.

* Republic:
Res -- thing.
Republic -- Public things.

only patricians can vote.

plebeians -> if they were free they were citizens, pay taxes, right to vote.

110 B.C. : Marius seized power, backed up by army. Sulla VS. Marius; Sulla won. End of Republic.

Phoenicians(Carthage): The leader was Hannibal. Invaded Rome. 3 times = Punic Wars

Scipio : Was a Roman general that moved Roman army to Carthage.

1st Triumvirate : 
Crassus -- Pompey -- Julius Caesar. > fought Sulla 

* Pompey VS. Julius Caesar= Julius Caesar got power and control of Rome. Spread to Egypt, there he fell in love with Cleopatra. They had a son called Caesarion. Julius was killed by Brutus.(Older son)

2nd Triumvirate :
Octavian -- Mark Anthony -- Lepidus.
*

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