El origen de la lingüística y la lingüística morderna

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Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas

INTRODUCCIÓN A LA LINGÜÍSTICA

UNIDAD 1

“El origen de la lingüística y la lingüística morderna”

Catedrático:

Rubisel Hernández Muñoz

Alumno:

Sergio Iván Martínez Ramírez

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San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Septiembre de 2018.

INTRODUCTION

The next work is collected all the information addressed in the first unit of the matter of introduction to linguistics in it can encotrate all the material received in this unit called "the origin of linguistics and modern linguistics" the learned concepts, a small glossary , notes taken in the booklet, and at the end all the bibliographical information from which some concepts were obtained.

This work is delivered in this manner in order to be able to annex the other remaining units and at the end to deliver a final work with everything collected in the semester.

I leave at the end of this work a section of observations so that the professor can put in these all feedback that can enrich this work and has the most complete possible.

APUNTES

What is Linguistics?

Is the study of language - how it is put together and how it functions. Various building blocks of different types and sizes are combined to make up a language. Sounds are brought together and sometimes when this happens, they change their form and do interesting things. Words are arranged in a certain order, and sometimes the beginnings and endings of the words are changed to adjust the meaning. Then the meaning itself can be affected by the arrangement of words and by the knowledge of the speaker about what the hearer will understand. Linguistics is the study of all of this. There are various branches of linguistics which are given their own name, some of which are described below. 

The linguistic sign

According to Ferdinand de Saussure, linguistic signs are bilateral. Every linguistic sign has two aspects which are inseparably connected: the sound sequence (signifier) on the level of expression, and the concept (signified) on the level of meaning. The relationship between the sound sequence and the concept of a linguistic sign is said to be arbitrary, predetermined by convention only. In the theory of signs by Charles Sanders Peirce, the linguistic sign is therefore characterised as a symbol. In contrast, Peirce distinguishes two other types of signs, which are not based on convention: indices are identified by a causal relationship between the signifier and the signified, while icons stand in a relationship of similarity to the concept they refer to. As an exception to the basic arbitrariness of linguistic signs, onomatopoeic expressions are naturally motivated.

The Medium Is The Message

Is a phrase coined by Marshall McLuhan meaning that the form of a medium embeds itself in any message it would transmit or convey, creating a symbiotic relationship by which the medium influences how the message is perceived.

Essentially the message is what a person wants to say about his or her circunstances, some event or whatever, while the medium is the linguistic substance and system by means of which the message is conveyed.

The two are so closely liked that they are often taken to be the same thing, to such an extent: that the Canadian educator Marshall McLuhan has said that in modern life «The medium is the message» that is something is presented is the essential factor rather than its content.

Diachrony And Sinchrony

Synchrony and diachrony are two different and complementary viewpoints in linguistic analysis.

A synchronic approach considers a language at a moment in time without taking its history into account. Synchronic linguistics aims at describing a language at a specific point of time, usually the present. By contrast, a diachronic considers the development and evolution of a language through history. Historical linguistics is typically a diachronic study.

The concepts were theorized by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, and appeared in writing in his posthumous Course in General Linguistics published. In contrast with most of his predecessors, who focused on historical evolution of languages, Saussure emphasized the primacy of synchronic analysis of languages to understand their inner functioning, though never forgetting the importance of complementary diachrony. This dualistic opposition has been carried over into philosophy and sociology, for instance by Roland Barthes and Jean-Paul Sartre. Jacques Lacan also used it for psychoanalysis. 

Linguistic Models

Patterns used in structural linguistics to describe a language and its various aspects (phonology, grammar, lexicon) in orderto define more accurately linguistic concepts and their relationships. This helps to clarify the structures underlying the infinitevariety of linguistic phenomena; sometimes the structures themselves are called models. Depending on their area ofapplication, linguistic models are divided into phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic. In constructing models,the means and methods of mathematical linguistics are used. Any linguistic model establishes such things as the objectscorresponding to the data of direct observation, including a large number of sounds, words, and sentences; objectsconstructed by the linguist (constructs) for descriptive purposes, consisting of sets of categories, markers, and elementarysemantic structures whose size and scope have been rigorously limited from the outset.

Language

A system of conventional spoken, manual, or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, express themselves. The functions of language include communication, the expression of identity, play, imaginative expression, and emotional release.

Dialectic

Also known as the dialectical method, is at base a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truththrough reasoned arguments. Dialectic resembles debate, but shorn of subjective elements such as emotional appeal and the modern pejorative sense of rhetoric.  didactic method where one side of the conversation teaches the other. Dialectic is alternatively known as minor logic, as opposed to major logic or critique.

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