Causative Form

Causative form

we use have + object + past participle to say that we have arranged for someone to do something for us. The past participle has a passive meaning. Jackiehadher jacket cleaned at the dry cleaner's. (She didn't clean it herself.)

Questions and negations of the verb have are formed with do/does (present simple) or did (past simple). Did you have the photographs developed yesterday?

We also use have something done to talk about an unpleasant experience that somebody had. Last night Neil had his mobile phone stolen. (= his phone was stolen)

We can use the verb get instead of have in informal conversation. I'm going to get a new lock fitted on the front door.

Note: The word order is very important. Tony had his car repaired and Tony had repaired his car have very different meanings. In the first case Tony arranged for someone else to do the repairs whereas in the second case he carried out the repairs himself.

Reported Speech

Is the exact meaning of what someone said, but not the exact words. We do not use quotation marks. The word that can either be used or omitted after the introductory verb (say, tell, suggest, etc.)

She said that she wouldn’t be back until 10 o’clock

Say Hello, good morning/afternoon, something, nothing, a prayer, a few words, no more, for certain/sure, ect

Tell The truth, a lie, a story, a secret, a joke, the tim, the difference, one from another, somebody ones name

Ask A question, a favor, the price, after somebody, the time, around, for something/somebody, etc

Prepositions

• Proud of

• Object to

• Protect from

• Take great pleasure in

• Part with

• Popular with

• Pride in

• Occurred to

• Prone to

• Operate on

• Prevent sb from

• To be in a tight budget

• To bear sth on mind

• To be hopeless in sth

• To be dedicated to sth

• To be delighted with sth

• To be grateful for sth

• To be pleased with sth

• To appeal to sb

• To be on a list

Phrasal verbs

Let

• Let down = (of clothes) lengthen; disappoint

• Let in(to) = allow sb to enter a place

• Let off = not punish

• Let on = reveal a secret

• Let out = release; (of clothes) make larger

• Let up = Become less strong

Look

• Look after = take care of

• Look back (on) = Consider the past

• Look down on = despise

• Look forward to = anticipate with pleasure

• Look in on sb = Pay a short visit to

• Look into = investigate

• Look on = observe

• Look out = be careful

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