Química Etapa 4 Laboratorio

Theoretical fundaments of the experiment

Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. These ions represent atoms that have lost one or more electron (known as cations) and atoms that have gained one or more electrons (known as an anions). In the simplest case, the cation is a metal atom and the anion is a nonmetal atom, but these ions can be of a more complex nature, e.g. molecular ions like NH4+ or SO42-

A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding.[1] For many molecules, the sharing of electrons allows each atom to attain the equivalent of a full outer shell, corresponding to a stable electronic configuration.

In chemistry, a polar bond is a type of covalent bond between two atoms in which electrons are shared unequally. Because of this, one end of the bond has a fractional negative charge and the other a positive charge. Polar bonds occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is between 0.4 and 1.7.

A non-polar molecule is one that the electrons are distributed more symmetrically and thus does not have an abundance of charges at the opposite sides. The charges all cancel out each other. Non-polar bonds occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is less than 0.4

EXPERIMENT

Procedure:

1) Put a little amount of the solid substances into the beakers, and then add water.

Look and take notes.

2) In each one of the prepared solutions, state the electrical conductivity using a tester.

3) Start the electrical conductivity for the remaining solutions.

4) Complement the following results table:

Table of results

Substances Electrical conductivity Kind of bond

NaCl Excellent Ionic

KNO3 Excellent Ionic

Sucrose Almost nothing Covalent

H2O (distilled) Nothing Covalent

Acetic acid solution Nothing Covalent

Alcohol Nothing Covalent

Answer the following statements:

a) Was the stated hypothesis proved? Explain

The hypothesis stated proved that some substances can conduct electricity and some no, it’s doesn’t matter if they are solid or liquids, like the water and the alcohol they are liquids and they can’t conduct electricity, and the NaCl and sucrose can conduct electricity, we see the ones that pass the electricity are ionic compounds and the ones that don’t are the covalent compounds.

b) What is the difference between the covalent bond and the ionic bond?

Ionic bond: The bonds in which electrons are completely

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