Ingles En Inglaterra (UK)

1 The first occupants

Archaeological excavations show that the first inhabitants lived in what is now called the island of Great Britain to the Bronze Age , between 2000 and 1500 BC . At the beginning of the Iron Age ( between the eighth and sixth centuries BCE) , the Celts began to occupy the British Isles, as they invaded the rest of Western Europe (see map of the Celtic area between the fifth century BC and the early Roman conquests ) . In addition to the island of Ireland , they eventually settled throughout Great Britain.

Through metal plows , Celts cultivated soils of the valleys ; their iron weapons and their two-wheeled carts , drawn by horses, allow them to submit Aboriginal " Iberian " and absorb their civilization. Their priests, the Druids , were dominant in society. Celtic tribes were very numerous: Caledones , Damnonii , Novantae , Selgovae , Votadini , Carvetii , Brigantes , Parisi, Deceangli , Ordovices , catfish , Demetae , etc. .

1 : Caledones

2 : Damnonii

3 : Novantae

4 : Selgovae

5: Votadini

6 : Carvetii

7: Brigantes

8: Parisi

9 : Deceangli

10: Ordovices

11: Silures

12: Demetae 13 Cornovii

14: Corieltauvi

15: Dobunni

16: Durotriges

17: Dumnonii

18: Iceni

19: Catuvellauni

20: Trinovantes

21: Cantiaci

22: Atrebates

23: Belgae

24: Regni

Number 24 (see map above) , each of these people (themselves divided into several tribes) spoke their respective Celtic language . Inter comprehension should be relatively easy step by step , but more difficult as and when tribes lived far apart . For example, Caledones (1) , who lived in the north, certainly less understood Celts South Dumnonii such as ( 17), the Durotriges ( 16), the Belgae (23) , the Regni ( 24), the Cantiaci ( 21 ) , etc. . We know that the Celts of Britain could understand some Celts of Gaul as Caletes the Osismii , the Veneti , the Carnutes , etc. . , Who lived on the other side of the Channel.

2 The Roman occupation

It is 55 BC Julius Caesar landed south of the island of Great Britain , then called the " Britain " or Britannia ( in Latin) . For the Romans , Britain was "the land furthest away and the last bulwark of liberty " after the writer Tacitus , who added: " There are more people beyond just waves and rocks . "Both invasions of Caesar, the 55 and the 54, does not seem to have any effect on the history of Roman Britain , as there was neither colonies nor annexation institution . But these military facts constituted a precedent and a way forward for the successors of Caesar. Indeed , it is in 43 AD the Emperor Claudius ( Claudius ) made ​​it legally a Roman province called Britannia . This year, Aulus Plautius , the former governor of Pannonia , led the invasion of Britain with four legions under his command : the II Augusta, IX Hispana , XIV Gemina and XX Valeria Victrix . Historians estimate about 40,000 men landing force .

The Roman occupation was never complete on the island, because it does not extend north of Hadrian's Wall (length 95 km) , between approximately still England Scotland (see map of Britannia ) ; the starting point to the west is the same, but the current border east from around Berwick -upon- Tweed , a town further north. At the time, the Britannia did not include Scotland (Caledonia ) or Ireland ( Hibernia) . The conquest of the highlands of Caledonia would have required a military and financial effort disproportionate to the value of the transaction. It was not there to cultivate land or large tracts of land farmed , only bogs and marshes, no justification for Rome a long and costly war , as local populations ( Caledonians ) were very hostile to Romans.

It was during the trip that the Emperor Hadrian ( 117-138 ) effected in Caledonia (Scotland) 121-122 in the construction of the Wall ( Hadrian's Wall) began and ended in 128. This wall was surrounded by ditches, dotted with forts , barracks , an entire military infrastructure that was quite effective for more than three centuries.

It was for the Roman Empire to relieve the military pressure "natives" , which was becoming stronger ; some historians speak more of a " line" as a line of fortification. In 142, the Emperor Antoninus built another wall between the Forth and Clide , which " doubled " north fortification already built by his adoptive father Hadrian.

In reality , it will be the law of the Union (Union ) Act 1707 to see the entire island under a single authority . Under Elizabeth I , some even considered back in the old Service " line" ( Hadrian's Wall ) between Britain and Caledonia.

Incomplete Roman conquest of the island forced the invaders to be stationed a large contingent of legionaries , the largest of the West, even the Empire. The Romans believed that the "natives" were at a stage of development and less advanced civilization than their own, and it was their duty to get them to adhere to their way of life and their cultural values. To do this, they created cities. Following new conquests , new Roman cities were established on the basis of existing tribes such as the Atrebates , the Trinovantes , the Iceni , the Coritani the

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