Rating Heat Exchangers
Enviado por Robtoran • 28 de Septiembre de 2011 • 2.492 Palabras (10 Páginas) • 1.064 Visitas
Workshop
A heat exchanger is a vessel that transfers heat energy from one process
stream to another. Until now, we have not considered the physical
parameters of the heat exchangers we have modeled. In this module we
will be entering this additional information regarding our shell and tube
heat exchanger and allowing HYSYS to determine whether or not it will
suit our needs.
Learning Objectives
In this workshop you will learn how to:
• Use the Heat Exchanger Dynamic Rating Method in HYSYS for
heat exchanger design.
• Determine if an existing heat exchanger will meet the process
specifications.
Prerequisites
Before beginning this workshop you need to have completed the
previous modules.
We ignore the adjust so that
it doesn’t interfere with out
calculations.
Process Overview
First Part
Process Overview
Second Part
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5
Building the Simulation
We will be modifying the heat exchanger modeled in the Heat
Integration module. Open the case saved at the end of module and
ignore the Adjust operation.
Modeling Heat Exchangers
In this workshop, we will examine a heat exchanger from the Pre-Heat
Train. Heat exchangers are modelled in HYSYS using one of three
configurations:
• Shell and Tube
• Cooler/Heater
• Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) exchanger
The Cooler/Heater operations are single-sided unit operations where
only one process stream passes through the operation. The LNG
Exchanger allows for multiple (more than two) process streams.
A shell and tube heat exchanger is a two-sided unit operation that
permits two process streams to exchange heat.
In this module, a shell and tube exchanger of given dimensions will be
rated to see if it will meet the requirements of the process.
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6
Heat Exchanger Calculations
The calculations performed by the Heat Exchanger are based on energy
balances for the hot and cold fluids. The following general relation
defines the heat balance of an exchanger.
where: M = Fluid mass flow rate
H = Enthalpy
Qleak = Heat Leak
Qloss = Heat Loss
The Balance Error is a Heat Exchanger Specification which, for most
applications, will equal zero. The subscripts "hot" and "cold" designate
the hot and cold fluids, while "in" and "out" refer to the inlet and outlet.
The Heat Exchanger duty may also be defined in terms of the overall
heat transfer coefficient, the area available for heat exchange and the log
mean temperature difference:
where: U = Overall heat transfer coefficient
A = Surface area available for heat transfer
LMTD = Log mean temperature difference
Ft = LMTD correction factor
(1)
(2)
Mcold(Hout – Hin)
cold
( – Qleak) Mhot(Hin – Hout)
hot
– ( – Qloss)= BalanceError
Q UA(LMTD)Ft Mhot(Hin Hout )
hot
– Qloss Mcold(Hout – Hin)
cold
= = – = – Qleak
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7
Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)
The LMTD is calculated in terms of the temperature approaches
(terminal temperature differences) in the exchanger using the following
equation:
where:
The LMTD can be either terminal or weighted. This means that it can be
calculate over the exchanger as a whole (terminal) or over sections of the
exchanger (weighted). The need for this type of calculation is shown on
the next page.
The following plot is a heat loss curve for a single phase stream. It
compares the temperatures of the process streams with the heat flow
over the entire length of the exchanger. For single phase streams, these
plots are linear.
(3)
Figure 1
LMTD
ΔT1 – ΔT2
Ln(ΔT1 ⁄ ΔT2)
= ------------------------------------
ΔT1 = Thot ,out – Tcold, in
ΔT2 = Thot , in – Tcold,out
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The following curve represents a superheated vapour being cooled and
then condensed. Note that it is not linear because of the condensation
that takes places inside the exchanger.
If the LMTD is calculated using the hot fluid temperatures at points A
and C, the result would be incorrect because the heat transfer is not
constant over the length of the exchanger. To calculate the weighted
LMTD:
1. Break the heat loss curve into regions at point B.
2. Calculate the terminal LMTD for each region.
3. Sum all of the LMTDs to find the overall LMTD.
HYSYS will do this automatically if the Heat Exchanger model is chosen
as Weighted. Therefore, if condensation or vaporization is expected to
occur in the exchanger, it is important that Weighted is chosen as the
model.
Available Heat Exchanger Models
There are five shell and tube heat exchanger models available in HYSYS.
The End Point and Weighted models can be used for material and
energy balance for any two-sided heat exchangers. They can also be
used for shell and tube exchanger’s material and energy balance. Steady-
State Rating model is used for rating in steady-state mode as well as in
dynamic simulation.
Figure 2
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The basics of each model:
• End Point Model. This model is based on Q = UAFt(LMTD). The
main assumptions behind this model are the overall heat transfer
coefficient U is constant the specific heats of the streams at both
exchanger sides are constant. The heat curves of both shell and
tube side are linear. The heat exchanger geometry is not taken
into account in this model.
• Weighted Model. This model is particular powerful in dealing
with non-linear heat curve problems such as phase change of
pure components in one or both heat exchanger sides. The heat
curves are divided into a number of intervals and energy balance
is performed in each interval. This model can only be used for
energy and material balance. The heat exchanger geometry is
not taken into account in this model.
• Steady State Rating Model. This model makes the same
assumptions as
...