Translation WRITE A QUESTION PER EACH OF THE TOPICS AND SUBTOPICS FOUND FROM CHAPTER 5 TO 8

5 What is textual equivalence?

A sentence is not autonomous; it does not exist for its own sake but as part of a situation and part of a text. And one of the most important functions of information dynamics is precisely to link a sentence to its environment in a manner which allows the information to flow through the text in the desired manner.

5.1.1 What is the thematic structure: theme and rheme?

The theme is what the clause is about. It has two functions: it acts as a point of orientation by connecting back to previous stretches of discourses and thereby maintaining a coherent point of view and, it acts as a point of departure by connecting forward and contributing to the development of later stretches. The rheme is what the speaker says about the theme. It is the goal of discourse.

5.1.1.1 What about the grammaticality vs acceptability in the thematic structure?

Grammatical sequences are part of the abstract system of language. In context, grammaticality does not necessarily ensure acceptability or coherence. The acceptability, rather than grammaticality, of any of these sequences in a given context depends on how it fits into its surrounding textual environment.

5.1.1.2 What are the text organization and development?

In this area, a great deal of emphasis has traditionally been placed on theme rather than on rheme.

5.1.1.3 What are the marked and unmarked sequences?

Thematic choice is always meaningful because it indicates the speaker`s/writer`s point of departure. But some choices are more meaningful than others, because they are more marked than others. Unmarked options are those which are normally selected unless the context motivates the selection of another option from the same system.

5.1.1.4 What is the attraction of Hallidayan?

The attraction of the Hallidayan view is that, unlike the rather complex explanations of the Prague school, it is very simple to follow and apply. To some extent, it is also intuitively satisfying to suggest that what one is talking about always comes before what one has to say about it.

5.1.2 What is the information structure: given and new?

Given information represents the common ground between speaker and hearer and gives the latter a reference point to which one can relate new information. One can only decide what part of a message is new and what part is given within a linguistic or situational context.

5.1.2.1 How are given and new signaled in discourse?

The information systems are those concerned with the organization of the text into units of information. This is expressed in English by the intonation patterns, and it is therefore a feature only of spoken English.

5.1.2.2 How is givenness determined?

A given element is an element which is recoverable because it has mentioned before, this is the basis on which the various elements in the answers to the questions given before have been labelled as given or new. But information may be treated by the speaker as given for a variety of other reasons.

5.1.2.3 Marked vs Unmarked information structure?

In unmarked information structure, the information focus falls on something other than the theme. Marked information structure is often signaled by means of typography or punctuation devices.

5.1.2.4 What is the marked rheme?

The notion of marked rheme may prove helpful in accounting for the communicative force of some utterances.

5.2 What is the functional sentence perspective?

The Prague School position on theme/rheme and given7new is quite distinct from Halliday`s and results in a significantly different explanation of how these categories are realized in discourse. This approach is generally referred to as functional sentence perspective.

5.2.1 What is the thematic status in FSP?

As can be seen from the above brief discussion of the verb as a thematic or rhematic element, FSP theorist also acknowledge semantic structure and context as factors which further determine the distribution of CD.

5.2.2 What about the marked structures in FSP?

5.2.3 Is the tension between word order and communicative function a problem?

It follows that one cannot talk specifically about “marked theme” in FSP theory, since the question of producing a marked theme by putting an element in initial position in the clause assumes that initial position is reserved for theme.

In languages with relatively free word order there will be less tension between the requirements of syntax and those of communicative function. Conversely, in languages with relatively fixed word order there will be greater instances of tension between syntax and communicative function.

5.2.4 What are the suggested strategies for minimizing linear dislocation?

1. Voice change
2. Change of verb
3. Nominalization
4. Extra position

6 What is the meaning of Cohesion?

It is the network of lexical, grammatical, and other relations which provide links between various parts of a text.

6.1 What is reference?

The term reference is traditionally used in semantics for the relationship which holds between a word and what it points to in the real world.

6.2 What is Ellipsis?

It involves the omission of an item. In other word, in ellipsis, an item is replaced by nothing. This is a case of leaving something unsaid which is nevertheless understood.

6.3 What is conjunction?

It involves the use of normal markers to relate sentences, clauses and paragraphs to each other. Unless reference, substitution and ellipsis the use of conjunction does not instruct the reader to supply missing information either by looking for it elsewhere in the text or by filling structural slots.

6.4 What is lexical cohesion?

It refers to the role played by the selection of vocabulary in organizing relations within a text.

7 What is pragmatic?

It is the study of language in use, it is the study of meaning, not as generated by the linguistic system but as conveyed and manipulated by participants in a communicative situation.

7.1 What is coherence?

It is a network of relations which organize and create a text, it is the network of conceptual relations which underlie the surface text.

7.1.2 Is coherence a feature of text or situation?

NO text is inherently coherent or incoherent. In the end, it all depends on the receiver, and on his ability to interpret the indications present in the discourse.

7.2 What is implicature?

This term refers to what the speaker means or implies rather than what one literally says.it is not to be confused with non-literal meaning.

7.3 Coherence, implicature and translation strategies?

The following discussion will therefore consider how these factors might relate not only to working out implicatures but to the question of coherence in general and to common problems and strategies in translation.

7.3.1.1 What is the conventional meaning of words and structures?

If we do not understand the meanings of the words and structures used in a text, we cannot work out its implied meanings. Knowledge of the language system may not be sufficient but it is essential if one is to understand what is going on in any kind of verbal communication.

7.3.1.2 The identity of any references that may be involved?

The ability of identity refers to participants and entities are essential for drawing inferences and for maintaining the coherence of a text.

7.3.2 What is the co-operative principle and its maxims?

They are not arbitrary but are a feature of any rational behavior.

7.3.3 What is the context of the utterance?

The context in which an utterance occurs determines the range of implicatures that may sensibly be derived from it.

7.3.4 What are other items of background knowledge?

In order to make sense of any piece of information presented in a text, the reader/hearer has to be able to integrate it into some model of the world, if real or fictional. A text may confirm, contradict, modify, or extend what we know about the world, as long as it relates to it in some way.

7.3.5 What is the ability of all relevant items falling under the previous headings?

The fact that all relevant items falling under the previous headings are available to both participants and both participants know or assume this to be the case.