TIPOS DE EQUIPOS Tipos de equipos inmersos en trabajo intelectual

TIPOS DE EQUIPOS

Tipos de equipos inmersos en trabajo intelectual

EQUIPOS GERENCIALES (EXECUTIVE)

• Executive teams have been referred to as “top management” or “management” teams.  These teams generally face a great deal of uncertainty stemming from a constantly changing set of demands imposed by the external environment; they typically deal with a variety of ambiguous situations that are not well understood and for which no standard operating procedures exist.
• As a result, their range of potential action is very broad and their ongoing challenge is to detect and frame opportunities and problems, identify and evaluate reasonable alternatives, and then make decisions or plans that are implemented by others in the organization. Executive teams usually consist of members with different backgrounds, often from different functional areas of the organization. Typically, members possess a good deal of specialized knowledge that is not shared by other members. They exist indefinitely and rarely perform the same task twice, with some notable exceptions (e.g., budgets).

EQUIPOS DE COORDINACIÓN (COMMAND)

• Command teams make critical organization level decisions in real time by collecting and integrating information from a variety of sources. Command teams monitor the environment and classify situations to determine appropriate action to be taken by other individuals, units, or entities; generally speaking, large amounts of task-relevant information must be gathered, integrated, and acted on in short periods of time.
• Command teams rely heavily on sophisticated technology, and they sometimes operate in a geographically distributed fashion without face-to-face member interaction. Although a wide variety of scenarios may arise, their tasks are usually well structured and often guided by predetermined situation–response mappings that facilitate quick response. Command teams are generally not in direct physical danger, but their activities can seriously impact the health of many other individuals, including community members.

EQUIPOS DE NEGOCIACIÓN (NEGOTIATION)

• Negotiation teams engage in competitive intellectual tasks in which group members represent the interests of larger entities (e.g., a department, division, or organization) and attempt to maximize the outcomes of their constituents. They exist for the duration of a negotiation and disband once a settlement has been reached. Their task is usually fairly structured, with critical elements of the bargaining space defined in advance (e.g., desired goal, minimally acceptable outcome) and institutional procedures or regulations often in place to standardize the course of negotiations.
• Negotiation teams are often constrained by deadlines associated with upcoming events (e.g., contract expiration), and one or both sides sometimes try to use time as a weapon. Active resistance is obviously a key contextual element for negotiation teams, and the primary uncertainty associated with the task stems from not knowing how the opposing individual or team will act or respond.

EQUIPOS COMO COMISIÓN (COMMISSION)

• Commissions engage in special projects or investigations requiring judgments or plans. They exist for the duration of a particular mission; once that has been achieved, commissions break up and members return to their original jobs or get reassigned to another project team. Commissions are often cross-functional and tend to be heterogeneous in terms of individual difference characteristics. Members may be assigned to the team not only for their technical knowledge and skill but also because they represent important and powerful internal or external constituencies.
• Commissions tend to receive high-profile tasks that are salient to other members of the organization and often unique, such as selecting a new CEO or designing an innovative product; as a result, members may have little or no direct experience with the collective task.
• Commissions are usually allowed a sufficient amount of time to accomplish their mission and rarely operate under severe time constraints or require precise synchronization of member activities. Whereas the procedural steps associated with their collective task may be mandated by the organization or an outside authority, the quality of the outcome often cannot be determined until much later if at all.

EQUIPOS DE DISEÑO (DESIGN)

• Design teams do hands-on work requiring creativity and/or technical innovation for an internal or external client. Membership is often cross-functional, although the distribution of functional backgrounds is sometimes uneven and suggestive of a “lead function” implicitly or explicitly expected to champion the effort. Like commissions, design teams are brought together for a specific purpose, and they disband when that purpose has been accomplished; they also have a unique role in their organization and tend to derive a certain amount of power from their lack of internal competition.
• Unlike commissions, however, their collective product is tangible and must be adapted from previous models or created a new, as opposed to being chosen from a set of options. Whereas commissions tend to have clearer procedures but fewer means of ensuring a beneficial outcome, members of design teams may have a clear idea of what the final product should be like or what characteristics it should possess, but little or no idea of how to create it—the means to the end are left to their collective ingenuity.

EQUIPOS DE CONSULTORÍA (ADVISORY)

• Advisory work groups investigate problems associated with the organization’s sociotechnical systems and/or search for ways to improve organizational effectiveness. They are typically cross-functional and operate outside the organization’s formal structure, serving an advisory role and possessing no authority to directly implement their suggestions. Their collective product is often a formal report or a set of recommendations regarding how things should be done differently.
• In theory, these groups are formed for a specific purpose such as solving a workflow problem or suggesting ways to improve organizational effectiveness. They are thus usually intended to be short-term in nature, but organizational inertia or widely hailed initial success may result in these teams lingering on after their immediate goals have been accomplished.

Tipos de equipos inmersos en trabajo físico

EQUIPOS DE SERVICIO (SERVICE)

• Service teams interact directly with customers to provide a good or perform a service to the latter’s specification. Service teams focus on diagnosing customer and client needs, gathering requisite information and resources, and then taking appropriate action to provide what the customer wants. Their work typically occurs in shifts, with the individual team members on any given shift drawn from a larger pool of employees. Members thus tend to work together regularly but not always in the same configurations or even in the same roles.
• Service teams usually operate in real time, and their work is generally well structured. Most of the time, collective efforts center on taking prescribed steps in response to routine orders, but service teams are sometimes called on to satisfy atypical requests requiring ingenuity or rapid adaptation. Because their overall mission is to satisfy customers, they operate under moderate to severe time pressure, and efficiency is a key element of their effectiveness.

EQUIPOS DE PRODUCCIÓN (PRODUCTION)

• Production teams build or assemble a tangible product in a continuous, standardized fashion over extended periods of time, generally relying on sophisticated machinery, tools, and equipment as well as timely coordination with external suppliers and distributors.
• Production teams usually have short, recurring work cycles involving tasks that are very structured and unambiguous; the collective goal is to build, harvest, or assemble as efficiently and accurately as possible. Roles within the team tend to be only modestly specialized, with members often able to fill multiple positions as the result of job rotation or cross-training.
• Production teams operate in an organizational environment where accidents can result in serious injury or death, but the consequences are usually confined to an individual or nearby team members.

EQUIPOS DE ACTUACIÓN (PERFORMANCE)

• Performance teams conduct elaborate behavioral sequences for the enjoyment of an audience. Their collective product is a series of coordinated movements and actions by team members. Performance teams operate in real time and attempt to execute a series of coordinated behaviors according to a well-known standard or template that serves as the basis for evaluating their performance.
• Their collective task is thus highly structured in that team member actions are determined in advance by a director or conductor and formalized in a script, screenplay, or musical composition; the goal is then to approximate the standard (or vision) as closely as possible (e.g., playing a musical piece or enacting a scene). The physical environment is usually very standardized as well, with many performance teams operating in highly controlled settings. Hardware dependence is generally ally low, although it is somewhat higher for TV and movie casts than for theater teams and musical groups. Role specialization is usually high, with members possessing unique knowledge (e.g., memorized dialogue) or skills (e.g., the ability to play particular musical instruments).
• Performance teams often compete indirectly with other teams doing similar work, but they do not face active resistance, nor is there usually much health risk associated with their operation.

EQUIPOS MÉDICOS (MEDICAL)

• Medical teams are charged with diagnosing the physical condition of patients and taking appropriate steps to improve their health. They operate under severe time constraints, with the health of the patient contingent on appropriate procedures being executed in a particular window of time.
• Medical team tasks are usually very structured, with the aid of standardized diagnostic protocols and operating procedures and a highly controlled operating environment (i.e., in terms of lighting, temperature, sterility, etc.). Hardware dependence is usually high, with team effectiveness critically contingent on the presence and condition of many materials, tools, and machines.
• Medical teams are generally assembled for a particular mission (e.g., a surgery) or a defined period of time (i.e., a shift); roles tend to be fairly specialized and based on mastery of procedures related to particular instruments, devices, and substances (surgeon, anesthesiologist, nurse, etc.). There is generally a low health risk to team members directly, but the team’s actions obviously have a tremendous impact on the health of patients.

EQUIPOS DE EMERGENCIA (RESPONSE)

• Response teams physically move to the scene of an accident or a natural disaster, diagnose the situation, and provide some form of rapid treatment or intervention. Like performance teams, response teams enact a behavioral product consisting of coordinated team member actions in real-time settings.
• Unlike performance teams, however, their collective task is often initially ambiguous and requires rapid environmental scanning and situation assessment so that an appropriate response can be determined. Once the situation has been diagnosed, the assessment and response plan must be communicated to other team members, and their subsequent behaviors coordinated. The linkage of situations to appropriate responses is complicated by the unique aspects of every situation, which often necessitate that responses be crafted on the fly using reason or common sense.
• As such, response teams rarely have the luxury of executing a scripted set of behaviors in an automatic fashion. They are highly dependent on specialized clothing and equipment, as well as their vehicles. A key contextual characteristic of response teams is their dangerous physical environment—the health of team members and community members is usually at stake. As such, time pressure is severe, and there can be tragic consequences to even minor mistakes.

EQUIPOS MILITARES (MILITARY)

• Military teams are small, formal units that use lethal force (or the threat of it) to accomplish a variety of tasks associated with maintaining domestic order and ensuring national security (e.g., aircraft crews and infantry squads). These primary units are generally intended to operate indefinitely, although reenlistment, promotion, and casualties will alter the membership over time. Their work is physically demanding and conducted in real time, often in a hostile environment in the face of active resistance by civilian militia or organized enemy units.
• A key feature of military team operation is their position in a “tall,” hierarchal organizational structure—their mission is to follow and execute orders. In theory, this organization is intended to allow small-unit military team activities to be relatively well structured (e.g., to implement a fire-and-movement flanking attack or to place a series of high-explosive ordinance rounds on the top of a hill). At the same time, orders can be ambiguous or fulfilled in different ways, battles are chaotic, and plans break down quickly in combat; this leads to many ill-structured situations involving a continuous need for communication among team members and discretion on the part of unit commanders.
• Military teams as a whole tend to be fairly specialized in terms of unit activities, but within-team role specialization varies somewhat across branches (being fairly low in infantry squads and somewhat higher in armor and aircraft crews). All military units are highly dependent on specialized hardware in the form of vehicles, weapons systems, and specialized gear that allow them to operate in harsh conditions.

EQUIPOS DE TRASPORTE (TRANSPORTATION)

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